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- BOOKS, Page 61Burning Bright
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- INDIA: A MILLION MUTINIES NOW
- by V.S. Naipaul
- Viking; 521 pages; $24.95
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- At the end of his last book on India, V.S. Naipaul wrote
- that the country's survival depended on seeing the past as dead
- "or the past will kill." In that volume, India: A Wounded
- Civilization, as well as in his earlier work on the
- subcontinent, An Area of Darkness, the Trinidad-born writer of
- Indian descent scorched the landscape of subcontinent society,
- indicting the rigidities of a country that preserved the evils
- of the Hindu caste system and endured a suffocating
- bureaucracy. Now Naipaul has returned to India more than 10
- years later to discover that the past is being left behind, and
- far more quickly than he imagined it would be.
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- India: A Million Mutinies Now is Naipaul's appreciation of
- how real, individual freedom, first sighted in the distance
- with India's independence in 1947, has begun to take hold in
- daily life, to break down the "layer upon layer of distress and
- cruelty." The result is messy, since those liberties give rise
- to a "million little mutinies," the colliding trajectories of
- countrymen shaking off the old mind-sets of caste and class.
- To Naipaul's solidly liberal sensibilities, that turmoil is
- what marks the road to progress.
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- He sees the "many revolutions within that revolution"
- everywhere. Mr. Ghate, a rough-edged slum dweller and organizer
- for Shiv Sena, a violent Hindu chauvinist group, displays an
- inspired streak of social activism and complains in earnest,
- and in English, about the "absence of civic sense" in his
- neighborhood. Subramaniam is a Brahman and scientist whose
- grandfather was a Hindu priest, once the flamekeepers of
- reactionary Hindu society. But the next generation of Brahmans,
- like Subramaniam's father, led India's political-reform
- movements, and now Subramaniam's own generation, the most
- accomplished and Westernized to date, is the ironic, not
- entirely unhappy victim of those reforms. Brahmans are losing
- out in India's equivalent of affirmative action, while other
- castes, including the lowest of the low, are at least partial
- winners. As testament to that transformation, Namdeo Dhasal, a
- militant dalit (untouchable) leader and poet, tells Naipaul,
- "There was a time when we were treated like animals. Now we
- live like human beings."
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- Naipaul has retired the familiar, infuriating, immobile face
- of India and painted a fresh one of human spirit and dramatic
- change that should become the new starting point for thinking
- about the country. What Naipaul does not grapple with is the
- question of whether India can survive burning so hotly.
- Hindu-Muslim conflicts are on the rise; violent secessionist
- movements have paralyzed three states; caste warfare threatens
- to erupt around the country. Naipaul barely touches on that
- drift to anarchy, but he helps us understand it.
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- By Edward W. Desmond/New Delhi.
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